General Knowledge - for Civil Services, Banking, Railway, Eligibility Examination, IAS, PCS, and all other competitive examinations
General knowledge is a discipline that includes facts about almost all topics such as geography, Indian politics, history, science, sports, and many other diverse topics. Similarly, common knowledge is one of the essential topics that helps us to understand the overall basic information of all subjects. This tutorial is divided into different parts and chapters to describe the factual information of different subjects.
This article is specially designed for students preparing for various competitive examinations including Civil Services, Banking, Railway, Eligibility Examination, IAS, PCS, and all other competitive examinations like this.
World History Timeline
| Time | Events |
|---|---|
| 10000 BCE | Middle East people domesticated goats and dogs. |
| 9500 BCE | Settled farming began. |
| 6000 BCE | Copper was discovered. |
| 5000 BCE | Sumerian civilization evolved between the rivers Euphrates and Tigris. Later it became popular as Mesopotamia (present day Iraq). |
| 5000 BCE | First calendar of 365 days, 12 months, and 30 days invented. |
| 3500 BCE | Bronze was discovered in Egypt. |
| 3100 BCE | First dynasty of Egypt. |
| 3000 BCE | Early writing. |
| 2600 BCE | Indus Valley civilization. |
| 2560 BCE | Great Pyramid of Giza. |
| 2000 – 1200 BCE | Iron Age. |
| 1800 BCE | Alphabetic writing appeared. |
| 1700 BCE | End of Indus Valley Civilization. |
| 1400 BCE | Water clock is invented in Egypt. |
| 1027 BCE | In China, Chou dynasty began. |
| 850 BCE | Homer had written the epic “Iliad and Odyssey”. |
| 776 BCE | Olympic Games first recorded. |
| 753 BCE | City of Rome was established by Romulus. |
| 653 BCE | Rise of Persian Empire. |
| 600 BCE | Sixteen Maha Janapadas emerged in India. |
| 586 BCE | The First Temple in Jerusalem (Solomon's Temple) was destroyed by the Babylonians. |
| 550 BCE | Pythagoras (Greek scholar) studied the movements of celestial bodies and mathematics. |
| 509 BCE | Founding of Roman Republic after exclusion of the last Roman King. |
| 508 BCE | Democracy introduced at Athens. |
| 500 BCE | Panini standardized the Sanskrit grammar and its morphology in the text Ashtadhyayi. |
| 500 BCE | Pingala learned the uses of zero and binary numeral system. |
| 499 BCE | Greco-Persian Wars. |
| 490 BCE | Battle of Marathon. |
| 338 BCE | In the Battle of Chaeronea, the king Philip II, defeated the combined forces of the Greek city-states Athens and Thebes. |
| 337 BCE | Philip II had created a strong and unified nation in Macedonia. He hired Aristotle (the Philosopher) to tutor his son, Alexander. |
| 336 BCE | Philip II was assassinated and Alexander became king. |
| 331 BCE | In the Battle of Gaugamela, Alexander the Great defeated Darius III of Persia. |
| 326 BCE | In the Battle of the Hydaspes River, Alexander the Great defeated Indian king Porus |
| 323 BCE | Death of Alexander at Babylon |
| 300 BCE | The Great Pyramid of Cholula constructed |
| 221 BCE | Qin Shi Huang unified China and the beginning of Imperial rule (in China) |
| 221 BCE | The Qin Dynasty began the construction of the Great Wall of China |
| 206 BCE | After the death of Qin Shi Huang, Han Dynasty established in China |
| 200 BCE | Paper is invented in China |
| 124 BCE | China's Imperial University was established |
| 111 BCE | First Chinese domination of Việtnam as the Nanyue Kingdom |
| 4 BCE | Birth of Jesus Christ (Widely accepted date) |
| Common Era (CE) | |
| 29 CE | Jesus Christ crucified |
| 70 CE | The armies of Titus destructed Jerusalem |
| 78 CE | Origin of Saka Era in India |
| 79 CE | Mount Vesuvius erupted and destructed Pompeii and other towns (in Italy) |
| 220 CE | After the fall of Han Dynasty, three Kingdoms period begins in China |
| 378 CE | The Germanic tribes defeated Roman army in the battle of Adrianople |
| 570 CE | Prophet Mohammed (the founder of Muslim religion) born |
| 581 CE | Sui Dynasty came in China |
| 613 CE | Muhammad had commenced preaching publicly in his hometown, Mecca |
| 622 CE | Muhammad Migrated from Mecca to Medina |
| 623 CE | Muhammad abandoned Saturday as the Sabbath and made Friday as special day of the week |
| 632 CE | Muhammad died |
| 660 CE | The Quran, the holy book, was published for the first time |
| 793 CE | Scandinavians approached the island of Lindisfarne, Scotland by boat and they attacked monks and robbed their monastery. It is the first recorded raid by the Vikings |
| 800 CE | Gunpowder was invented |
| 1050 CE | An ancient tool of navigation namely The astrolabe” was first used in Europe |
| 1077 CE | Construction of the London Tower began |
| 1117 CE | The University of Oxford is established |
| 1150 CE | The University of Paris is established |
| 1199 CE | Europeans first used compasses |
| 1209 CE | The University of Cambridge is established |
| 1215 CE | John of England sealed the “Magna Carta” |
| 1298 CE | Marco Polo published his itinerary of China, along with Rustichello da Pisa. |
| 1299 CE | Osman I established the Ottoman Empire |
| 1347 CE | The Black Death withered Europe for the first (of many times). In the first year, an estimated 20 to 40% of the population was thought to have perished. |
| 1389 CE | Battle of Kosovo (in Serbia) |
| 1397 CE | The Medici bank was established in Florence |
| 1461 CE | King Loius XI of France started postal service |
| 1492 CE | Christopher Columbus discovered a route going to the New World (i.e. Caribbean Islands and America) |
| 1498 CE | Vasco da Gama arrived India |
| 1503 CE | Leonardo da Vinci started making the painting of Mona Lisa; however, completed after three years |
| 1506 CE | Christopher Columbus died in Valladolid, Spain |
| 1632 CE | The city of Boston is founded |
| 1636 CE | Harvard University is established in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |
| 1652 CE | Dutch East India Company founded the city Cape Town in South Africa |
| 1666 CE | The Great Fire of London |
| 1683 CE | China conquered the Kingdom of Tungning and annexes Taiwan |
| 1687 CE | Isaac Newton published “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” |
| 1694 CE | The Bank of England is established |
| 1697 CE | The earliest known first-class cricket match had taken place in Sussex |
| 1710 CE | The world's first copyright legislation, Britain's Statute of Anne (also known as Copyright Act 1709), took effect |
| 1724 CE | Japan began successful forest management reform and subsequently timber cutting was reduced |
| 1765 CE | In France, a twenty-eight volume of encyclopedia was completed |
| 1776 CE | In USA, second Continental Congress meeting and declaration of independence July 4) |
| 1781 CE | The Spanish settlers founded the city of Los Angeles |
| 1783 CE | In USA, King George declared the thirteen colonies as "free and independent” |
| 1783 CE | In USA, based on the state's 1780 constitution, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts ruled slavery illegal |
| 1785 CE | Napoleon Bonaparte became a lieutenant in the French artillery |
| 1787 CE | The United States Constitution is written in Philadelphia and submitted to the states for ratification |
| 1787 CE | The slaves freed from London established Freetown (West Africa) i.e. present-day Sierra Leone |
| 1795 CE | The first graphite pencils were used |
| 1789–1799 CE | French Revolution |
| 1797 CE | Napoleon's invasion and partition of the Republic of Venice ended over 1,000 years of independence of the Serene Republic |
| 1801 CE | Napoleon (of France) defeated Austria |
| 1804 CE | Haiti attained its independence from France and became the first black republic |
| 1805 CE | In Milan (Italy), Napoleon was crowned as the King of Italy |
| 1805 CE | In the Battle of Austerlitz, Napoleon decisively defeated an Austrian-Russian army |
| 1814 CE | Napoleon abdicated and was exiled to Elba. |
| 1815 CE | Napoleon escaped; however, he was finally defeated at the Battle of Waterloo (in June) and exiled to Saint Helena Island |
| 1820 CE | Discovery of Antarctica |
| 1821 CE | Napoleon Bonaparte died (at Saint Helena Island, where he was exiled) |
| 1823 CE | Monroe Doctrine was declared by US President James Monroe |
| 1825 CE | The two railway station at Stockton and Darlington (the first public railway in the world) was opened |
| 1833 CE | Slavery Abolition Act banned slavery throughout the British Empire |
| 1835 CE | Vaccination became mandatory in Britain |
| 1838 CE | Charles Darwin developed the theory of evolutionary selection and specialization |
| 1840 CE | New Zealand is established, as the Treaty of Waitangi is signed between the MÄori and British |
| 1841 CE | Richard Owen, first time, used the word "dinosaur" |
| 1842 CE | First time Anaesthesia was used |
| 1845-49 CE | The Irish Potato Famine that lead to the Irish diaspora |
| 1848-58 CE | California Gold Rush |
| 1848 CE | Karl Marx wrote Communist Manifesto |
| 1849 CE | Roman Republic's constitutional law became the first to abolish capital punishment |
| 1854 CE | Crimean War (fought between Russia and Turkey) |
| 1856 CE | World's first oil refinery founded in Romania |
| 1859-69 CE | Suez Canal constructed |
| 1859 CE | The first successful oil well was drilled in northern Pennsylvania (USA) |
| 1859 CE | John Tyndall, the British scientist, described the concept that the carbon dioxide (CO2) and water vapor trapping heat in the atmosphere. Further, he suggested that the changing in the concentration of gases could bring climate change |
| 1861 CE | Russia abolished serfdom |
| 1861-65 CE | American Civil War, took place between the Union and seceding Confederacy |
| 1862 CE | The first paper money was issued in the United States |
| 1865 CE | President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln was assassinated |
| 1868 CE | Michael Barrett was the last person to be publicly hanged in England |
| 1869 CE | Dmitri Mendeleev created Periodic table |
| 1869 CE | The Suez Canal route opened that linking the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea |
| 1871 CE | Royal Albert Hall opened in London |
| 1872 CE | The first National Park i.e. Yellowstone National Park, is established |
| 1886 CE | Burma was presented to Queen Victoria as a birthday gift |
| 1886 CE | Karl Benz sold the first commercial automobile |
| 1887 CE | Sir Arthur Conan Doyle published his first Sherlock Holmes story, ‘A Study in Scarlet’ |
| 1889 CE | Eiffel Tower is inaugurated in Paris |
| 1891 CE | The German government initiated the first public old-age pension scheme |
| 1892 CE | For the first time, Fingerprinting was officially adopted. |
| 1893 CE | New Zealand became the first country to enact women's suffrage |
| 1894 CE | First commercial film was released by Jean Aimé Le Roy |
| 1896 CE | Olympic Games revived in Athens, Greece |
| 1898 CE | Britain obtained a 99-year lease of Hong Kong from China |
| 1900 CE | Hawaii became an official USA territory |
| 1901 CE | In Stockholm (Sweden), the first Nobel Prize ceremony was held |
| 1901 CE | Theodore Roosevelt become the youngest President of the United States |
| 1904 CE | Russian Japanese War |
| 1905 CE | Albert Einstein's formulation of relativity |
| 1908 CE | First commercial radio transmissions |
| 1911 CE | Xinhai Revolution in China overthrows the Qing Dynasty |
| 1912 CE | End of the Chinese Empire and Republic of China established |
| 1912 CE | First Balkan War began |
| 1912 CE | Woodrow Wilson elected as the 28th President of the United States |
| 1913 CE | Second Balkan War and Treaty of Bucharest too place |
| 1914 CE | Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria in Sarajevo that triggered the World War I |
| 1914 CE | Panama Canal opened |
| 1915 CE | First use of poison gas at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and Second Battle of Ypres |
| 1916 CE | The implementation of daylight saving time system |
| 1917 CE | Russian Revolution ended the Russian Empire |
| 1917 CE | The United States joined the Allies (countries) for the last 17 months of World War I |
| 1918 CE | End of World War I |
| 1918 CE | Poland, Ukraine, and Belarus declared their independence from Russia. |
| 1919 CE | Treaty of Versailles redrew European borders. |
| 1919 CE | League of Nations founded in Paris. |
| 1920 CE | Greece restores its monarchy after a referendum. |
| 1920 CE | International Court of Justice founded at Hague in the Netherlands. |
| 1921 CE | Adolf Hitler became Führer (guide, leader) of the Nazi Party. |
| 1922 CE | The Turkish Grand National Assembly abolished Ottoman Sultanate. |
| 1923 CE | Time Magazine was published first time |
| 1923 CE | Turkish War of Independence ended and Kemal Atatürk became the first President of the newly established Republic of Turkey. Capital was moved from Istanbul to Ankara |
| 1924 CE | Death of Vladimir Lenin (of Russia); rise of Stalin. |
| 1924 CE | The Caliphate was abolished by Kemal Atatürk. |
| 1924 CE | The US Federal Bureau of Investigation established under J Edgar Hoover. |
| 1925 CE | Benito Mussolini gains dictatorial powers in Italy and adopted the title of ‘Duce’. |
| 1925 CE | Mein Kampf (an autobiography of the National Socialist leader Adolf Hitler) was published. |
| 1927 CE | Joseph Stalin became leader of the Soviet Union. |
| 1927 CE | The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland officially became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. |
| 1927 CE | The BBC was granted a Royal Charter in the United Kingdom. |
| 1928 CE | Mickey Mouse was created at the Walt Disney Studio. |
| 1929 CE | Wall Street crash of 1929 and the beginning of the Great Depression |
| 1929 CE | Vatican City has given the status of a sovereign State. |
| 1929 CE | Saint Valentine's Day Massacre. |
| 1930 CE | First FIFA World Cup hosted |
| 1931 CE | Construction of the Empire State Building |
| 1931 CE | Statute of Westminster created the British Commonwealth of Nations |
| 1931 CE | Japan invaded Manchuria (China) and occupied it until the end of World War II |
| 1932 CE | Franklin D Roosevelt is elected President of the United States |
| 1932 CE | The Nazi party became the largest single party in the German parliament |
| 1933 CE | Adolf Hitler became the Chancellor of Germany |
| 1935 CE | Persia became Iran |
| 1937 CE | Japanese invaded China |
| 1937 CE | The Irish Republican Army attempted to assassinate King George VI of the UK |
| 1938 CE | Munich agreement that handed over Czechoslovakia to Nazi Germany |
| 1939 CE | Nazi invasion of Poland that triggered the beginning of World War II |
| 1940 CE | Nazis invaded France, the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway |
| 1940 CE | Soviet Union annexes the Baltic states |
| 1940 CE | Winston Churchill became the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom |
| 1941 CE | Attack on Pearl Harbor that forced the USA to join World War II |
| 1941 CE | Hitler invaded the Soviet Union |
| 1943 CE | Battle of Stalingrad ended with over two million casualties and the retreat of the German Army |
| 1943 CE | Tehran Conference participated by Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Joseph Stalin; all agreed to launch Operation Overlord. |
| 1943 CE | Green Revolution began. |
| 1944 CE | Chechen insurgency ended with deportation of the entire Chechen population. |
| 1944 CE | First operational electronic computer, Colossus, introduced |
| 1944 CE | D Day (Military terms associated with Invasion of Normandy) |
| 1945 CE | Battle of Berlin |
| 1945 CE | Yalta Conference |
| 1945 CE | Atomic bombing on Hiroshima and Nagasaki (Japan) |
| 1945 CE | End of World War II in Europe. The Holocaust ends after (about) 12 million deaths |
| 1945 CE | Death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Adolf Hitler, and Benito Mussolini |
| 1945 CE | Potsdam Conference (World War II) divided Europe into Western and Soviet blocs |
| 1945 CE | United Nations founded |
| 1946 CE | First images had been taken of the Earth from space |
| 1948 CE | Beginning of apartheid in South Africa |
| 1948 CE | Division of North and South Korea |
| 1949 CE | Creation of NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) |
| 1949 CE | Germany partitioned as the Soviet socialist German Democratic Republic and the NATO-backed Federal Republic of Germany |
| 1949 CE | Establishment of the People's Republic of China under the leadership of Mao Zedong |
| 1951 CE | Treaty of San Francisco terminated the Occupation of Japan and formally concluded hostilities between Japan and the US |
| 1952 CE | Egyptian Revolution under Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew King Farouk and terminated British occupation |
| 1953 CE | Stalin died |
| 1954 CE | First time, the Soviet Union generated the electricity by nuclear power |
| 1955 CE | Warsaw Pact signed |
| 1957 CE | Beginning of the Space Age with the launch of Sputnik I |
| 1958 CE | NASA, the US Federal Aviation Authority and Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) established |
| 1959 CE | Cuban Revolution |
| 1962 CE | Cuban missile crisis |
| 1962 CE | Sino-Indian War |
| 1963 CE | Assassination of John F Kennedy |
| 1965 CE | Deaths of Winston Churchill |
| 1968 CE | Martin Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy assassinated while the Poor People's Campaign |
| 1969 CE | Muammar Gaddafi overthrew King Idris of Libya in a Coup d'état and established the Libyan Arab Republic |
| 1973 CE | First space station, Skylab, was launched |
| 1975 CE | First Cricket World Cup hosted |
| 1976 CE | First outbreak of the Ebola virus |
| 1978 CE | Birth of the first test-tube baby |
| 1979 CE | Margaret Thatcher became the Prime Minister of the UK |
| 1985 CE | Mikhail Gorbachev became Premier of the Soviet Union |
| 1985 CE | First use of DNA fingerprinting |
| 1986 CE | Chernobyl disasters |
| 1989 CE | Fall of the Berlin Wall |
| 1990 CE | Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) |
| 1990 CE | Gulf War began |
| 1990 CE | After 27 years of imprisonment, Nelson Mandela released |
| 1991 CE | Gulf War ended after US withdrawal and failed uprising |
| 1991 CE | Dissolution of the Soviet Union and subsequent independence of 15 former Soviet republics |
| 1991 CE | Boris Yeltsin became the first President of the Russian Federation |
| 1991 CE | The first Website has been put online and made available to the public |
| 1992 CE | Maastricht Treaty created the European Union |
| 1993 CE | Velvet divorce between Czech Republic and Slovakia |
| 1994 CE | End of apartheid in South Africa and subsequent election of Nelson Mandela the great leader |
| 1994 CE | Opening of the Channel Tunnel |
| 1995 CE | Establishment of the World Trade Organization |
| 1997 CE | Transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong from UK to China |
| 1997 CE | Diana, Princess of Wales, was killed in a car accident in Paris, France |
| 1998 CE | Google is founded by Larry Page and Sergey Brin |
| 1999 CE | Euro is introduced |
| 2001 CE | Terrorists destroyed the World Trade Center in New York City and damaged the Pentagon in Washington, DC |
| 2001 CE | Wikipedia founded. |
| 2003 CE | Iraq War began that triggered worldwide protests. |
| 2003 CE | The space shuttle, Columbia, collapsed (while landing) nearby Texas (USA); all the seven astronauts (including Indian astronaut Kalpana Chawla) died in the accident. |
| 2005 CE | Angela Merkel became Germany's first woman Chancellor. |
| 2006 CE | Ellen Johnson Sirleaf became the President of Liberia. She was the first elected female head of state in Africa. |
| 2006 CE | Execution of Saddam Hussein. |
| 2008 CE | Stock markets plunge across the world. |
| 2008 CE | Monarchy system terminated in Nepal. |
| 2009 CE | The world's tallest skyscraper, Burj Khalifa (in Dubai), has been built. |
| 2010 | The largest oil spill in US history occurred in the Gulf of Mexico. |
| 2011 CE | Osama bin Laden, Muammar Gaddafi, and Kim Jong-Il were killed. |
| 2011 CE | Iraq War ended. |
| 2013 CE | Deaths of Hugo Chávez, Nelson Mandela, and Margaret Thatcher. |
| 2015 CE | United States and Cuba resumed diplomatic relations. |
List of Wars(WorldWide)
| Date | War | Fought between |
|---|---|---|
| 1600 BCE | Battle of Mingtiao | Tang of Shang defeated Jie of Xia. Shang dynasty began in China |
| 1500 BCE | Battle of the Ten Kings | King Sudas defeated the Ten Kings in the Punjab region (India) |
| 1184 BCE | Battle of Troy | Troy descended after the ten-year Trojan War |
| 1046 BCE | Battle of Muye | Zhou Dynasty defeated the Shang Dynasty |
| 925 BCE | Battle of Bitter Lakes | Shoshenq I of Egypt defeated a Bedouin incursion |
| 707 BCE | Battle of Ruge | The Zheng general Zhu Dan defeated the king Huan of Zhou (China) |
| 693 BCE | Battle of Diyala River | The king Sennacherib of Assyria defeated the Elamites of Southern Iran |
| 616 BCE | Battle of Arrapha | The king Nabopolassar (of Babylonians) defeated the Assyrians |
| 546 BCE | Battle of Thymbra | Cyrus the Great of Persia defeated Croesus of Lydia |
| 545 BCE | Battle of The 300 Champions | The Spartans defeated the Argives |
| 539-38 BCE | Battle of Opis | Cyrus the Great defeated Nabonidus |
| 490 BCE | Battle of Marathon | Miltiades (of Athens) defeated Darius I of Persia and Artaphernes |
| 432 BCE | Battle of Potidaea | Athens defeated Sparta |
| 429 BCE | Battle of Spartolos | Chalcidians (with their allies) defeated Athens |
| 411 BCE | Battle of Eretria | Spartans defeated the Athenian fleet |
| 334 BCE | Battle of the Granicus | Alexander the Great defeated the Persian army |
| 331 BCE | Battle of Gaugamela | Alexander the Great defeated Darius III in Mesopotamia and conquered Persia |
| 326 BCE | Battle of the Hydaspes | Alexander the Great defeated the Indian King Porus |
| 281 BCE | Battle of Corupedium | Seleucus defeated and killed Lysimachus |
| 101 BCE | Battle of Vercellae | Marius (the Roman) defeated the Cimbri |
| 67 BCE | Battle of Jushi | Han troops defeated the Xiongnu |
| 66 BCE | Battle of the Lycus | Pompey the Great defeated Mithridates VI |
| 58 BCE | Battle of the Arar | Caesar defeated the migrating Helvetii |
| 47 BCE | Battle of the Nile | Caesar defeated Ptolemy XIII (the Egyptian king) |
| 36 BCE | Battle of Zhizhi | Han forces defeated Xiongnu |
| Common Era (CE) | ||
| 84 CE | Battle of Mons Graupius | Agricola (the Roman) defeated the Caledonians |
| 208 CE | Battle of Red Cliffs | War of Three Kingdoms (of China) |
| 312 CE | Battle of Milvian Bridge | Constantine defeated Maxentius and took control of Italy |
| 547 CE | Battle of Marta | Tripolitanian Moors defeated John Troglita |
| 630 CE | Conquest of Mecca | Muhammad conquered Mecca without any bloodshed |
| 838 CE | Battle of Anzen | Abbasids (modern Turkey) defeated Theophilus |
| 972 CE | Battle of Cedynia | Mieszko I (of Poland) defeated Hodon (of Germany) |
| 1054 CE | Battle of Dunsinane | Malcolm defeated MacBeth |
| 1057 CE | Battle of Lumphanan | Malcolm defeated MacBeth. In this battle MacBeth was killed |
| 1179 CE | Battle of Jacob's Ford | Saladin defeats the Kingdom of Jerusalem |
| 1215 CE | Battle of Zhongdu | Genghis Khan in cooperation with the Mongols defeated the Jin dynasty and seized Zhongdu (present day Beijing) |
| 1361 CE | Battle of Wisby | Denmark defeated Sweden |
| 1362-63 CE | Battle of Blue Waters | Pagan Lithuanians defeated the Islamic Tatar Forces |
| 1370 CE | Battle of Pontvallain | France defeated England |
| 1402 CE | Battle of Angora / Battle of Ankara | Timur defeated Ottoman sultan Bayezid I in Anatolia (Turkey) |
| 1448 CE | Battle of Kosovo | Turkish and Orthodox forces defeated Roman Catholic |
| 1533 CE | Battle of Cuzco | Spanish defeated the Inca Empire |
| 1597 CE | Battle of Chilchonryang | Japanese Navy defeaterd Korean Navy |
| 1597 CE | Battle of Myeongnyang | Korean Navy defeated Japanese Navy |
| 1607 CE | Battle of Gibraltar | Dutch defeated Spanish (fleet) |
| 1656 CE | First Battle of Warsaw | Poland seized its capital from Sweden |
| 1656 CE | Second Battle of Warsaw | Sweden defeated Poland |
| 1676 CE | Battle of Lund | Sweden defeat the Denmark |
| 1694 CE | Battle of Torroella | The French Navy defeated Spain |
| 1710 CE | Battle of Prut | Ottoman Turks defeated Russia |
| 1729 CE | Battle of Damghan | Nader Shah defeated the Afghans |
| 1779 CE | Battle of Baton Rouge | Spanish captured the city Baton Rouge |
| 1796 CE | Battle of Lodi | General Napoleon Bonaparte (French Army) defeated Austria |
| 1797 CE | Battle of Rivoli | Napoleon Bonaparte defeated Austria |
| 1798 CE | Battle of the Pyramids | Napoleon defeated Mameluks (in Egypt) |
| 1798 CE | Battle of Ballinamuck | British forces defeated Ireland and France |
| 1799 | Battle of Abukir | Napoleon and Joachim Murat defeated Turks |
| 1805 CE | Battle of Austerlitz | Napoléon Bonaparte defeated Russian |
| 1813 CE | Battle of Leipzig | The coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria, and Sweden defeated by Napoleon I (the Emperor of the French) |
| 1815 CE | Battle of Waterloo | Wellington, Prussians, Dutch, and German (collectively) forces defeated Napoleon |
| 1904 CE | Battle of Yalu River | Japan defeated Russia |
| 1914 to 1918 CE | World War I | Allied Powers (France, UK, Russia, Serbia, Belgium, Italy, Japan, USA, etc.) defeated Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, etc.) |
| 1917 CE | Battle of Jerusalem | British forces defeated Ottoman Empire and seized Jerusalem |
| 1939 to 1945 CE | World War II | Allies Powers (France, UK, Russia, China, Poland, Canada, Australia, USA, etc.) defeated Axix Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, etc.) |
| 1947 CE | Indo-Pakistani War | The war ended with division of territory (Jammu & Kashmir) |
| 1965 CE | Second Indo-Pakistan War | The war resulted in a stalemate |
| 1990 CE | Gulf War | US and allied forces defeated Iraq |
| 1995 CE | First battle of Grozny | Russian Army captured Grozny |
| 1999 CE | Kargil War | Pakistani infiltrators returned to status quo ante bellum |
| 2001 CE | Battle of Kabul | US forces attacked Kabul and seized it from the Taliban |
| 2001 CE | Battle of Kandahar | US and allied forces seized the last remaining city from the Taliban |
| 2001 CE | Battle of Tora Bora | US and allied forces besieged AlQaida, but Osama bin Laden was escaped |
| 2003 CE | Battle of Baghdad (Gulf War II) | US forces captured the Iraqi capital from Saddam Hussein's forces |
| Jan 2011 CE | First Battle of Benghazi | Libyan rebel forces freed the city from Colonel Gaddafi's rule |
| March 2011 CE | Battle of Bin Jawad | Gaddafi forces recaptured the city |
| August 2011 CE | Battle of Tripoli | Tripoli is seized by rebel forces and Gaddafi government collapsed |
Important Revolutions
1
The glorious revolution or revolution of 1688
This revolution ended the reign of James II in England and established the rule of William III and Mary II. It also ensured parliamentary supremacy over the (British) monarchy.
2
American Revolution (1765 to 1783)
This was the American independence war against British rule.
3
French Revolution (1790)
This was the modern revolution of France which took place between 1789 and 1799.
4
Haitian Revolution (1791 to 1804)
The revolution was a slavery and anti-colonial insurgency, which occurred in St. Domingu (former French colony).
5
The Russian Revolution (1917) (also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution)
It was a revolution that destroyed nostalgic autocracy and established the Soviet Union (in 1917).
6
Cuba Revolution (1953-59)
It was an armed revolt led by Fidel Castro against Cuban President Fulgencio Batista (originally, the US-backed ruling government).
7
Hungarian Revolution (in 1956)
It was originally the Hungarian Revolt (Nationwide) against the policies of the Hungarian People's Republic and the policies implemented by the Soviet Union.
8
The Iranian Revolution of 1978-79 (also called the Islamic Revolution)
The revolution removed the monarchy system and established the Islamic Republic.
9
China's Cultural Revolution (1966)
The revolution revolutionized the capitalist, traditional and cultural elements and implemented communism in the country.
Countries and its Independence Date
| Country | Date |
|---|---|
| Hungary | August 20, 1000 |
| Switzerland | August 1, 1291 |
| Sweden | June 6, 1523 |
| Portugal | December 1, 1640 |
| United States | July 4, 1776 |
| Haiti | January 1, 1804 |
| Serbia | February 15, 1804 |
| Ecuador | August 10, 1809 |
| Chile | February 12, 1810 |
| Colombia | July 20, 1810 |
| Mexico | September 16, 1810 |
| Paraguay | May 15, 1811 |
| Venezuela | July 5, 1811 |
| Norway | May, 1814 |
| Argentina | July 9, 1816 |
| Costa Rica | September 15, 1821 |
| Greece | March 25, 1821 |
| Peru | July 28, 1821 |
| Nicaragua | September 15, 1821 |
| Honduras | September 15, 1821 |
| Guatemala | September 15, 1821 |
| El Salvador | September 15, 1821 |
| Dominican Republic | December 1, 1821 |
| Ecuador | May 24, 1822 |
| Brazil | September 7, 1822 |
| Bolivia | August 6, 1825 |
| Uruguay | August 25, 1825 |
| Belgium | July 21, 1831 |
| Liberia | July 26, 1847 |
| Canada | July, 1867 |
| Romania | May 10, 1877 |
| Philippines | June 12, 1898 |
| Cuba | May 20, 1902 |
| Panama | November 3, 1903 |
| Bulgaria | September 22, 1908 |
| Mongolia | December 29, 1911 |
| Albania | November 28, 1912 |
| Ireland | April 24, 1916 |
| Finland | December 6, 1917 |
| Lithuania | February 16, 1918 |
| Estonia | February 24, 1918 |
| Georgia | May 26, 1918 |
| Armenia | May 28, 1918 |
| Azerbaijan | May 28, 1918 |
| Czech Republic | October 28, 1918 |
| Poland | November 11, 1918 |
| Latvia | November 18, 1918 |
| Ukraine | January 22, 1919 |
| Afghanistan | August 19, 1919 |
| Turkey | October 29, 1923 |
| South Africa | December 11, 1931 |
| Iraq | October 3, 1932 |
| Lebanon | November 22, 1943 |
| Iceland | June 3, 1944 |
| Belarus | July 3, 1944 |
| South Korea | August 15, 1945 |
| North Korea | August 15, 1945 |
| Vietnam | September 2, 1945 |
| Jordan | May 25, 1946 |
| Syria | April 17, 1946 |
| Pakistan | August 14, 1947 |
| India | August 15, 1947 |
| Myanmar | January 4, 1948 |
| Israel | Between April 15 & May 15, 1948 (depending on Hebrew Calendar) |
| Sri Lanka | February 4, 1948 |
| Libya | December 24, 1951 |
| Cambodia | November 9, 1953 |
| Laos | October 22, 1953 |
| Austria | October 26, 1955 |
| Morocco | November 18, 1955 |
| Sudan | January 1, 1956 |
| Tunisia | March 20, 1956 |
| Ghana | March 6, 1957 |
| Malaysia | August 31, 1957 |
| Guinea | October 2, 1958 |
| Cameroon | January 1, 1960 |
| Senegal | April 4, 1960 |
| Togo | April 27, 1960 |
| Madagascar | June 26, 1960 |
| Democratic Republic of the Congo | June 30, 1960 |
| Somalia | July 1, 1960 |
| Benin | August 1, 1960 |
| Burkina Faso | August 5, 1960 |
| Niger | August 3, 1960 |
| Ivory Coast | August 7, 1960 |
| Republic of the Congo | August 15, 1960 |
| Gabon | August 17, 1960 |
| Mali | September 22, 1960 |
| Nigeria | October 1, 1960 |
| Cyprus | October 1, 1960 |
| Mauritania | November 28, 1960 |
| Kuwait | February 25, 1961 |
| Sierra Leone | April 27, 1961 |
| Tanzania | December 9, 1961 |
| Samoa | June 1, 1962 |
| Burundi | July 1, 1962 |
| Rwanda | July 1, 1962 |
| Algeria | July 5, 1962 |
| Jamaica | August 6, 1962 |
| Trinidad & Tobago | August 31, 1962 |
| Uganda | October 9, 1962 |
| Malaysia | September 16, 1963 |
| Kenya | December 12, 1963 |
| Malawi | July 6, 1964 |
| Malta | September 21, 1964 |
| Zambia | October 24, 1964 |
| The Gambia | February 18, 1965 |
| Maldives | July 26, 1965 |
| Singapore | August 9, 1965 |
| Zimbabwe | November 11, 1965 |
| Guyana | May 26, 1966 |
| Botswana | September 30, 1966 |
| Lesotho | October 4, 1966 |
| Barbados | November 30, 1966 |
| Anguilla | May 30, 1967 |
| Yemen | November 30, 1967 |
| Nauru | January 31, 1968 |
| Mauritius | March 12, 1968 |
| Swaziland | September 6, 1968 |
| Equatorial Guinea | October 12, 1968 |
| Tonga | June 4, 1970 |
| Fiji | October 10, 1970 |
| Bangladesh | March 26, 1971 |
| United Arab Emirates | December 2, 1971 |
| Bahrain | December 16, 1971 |
| Qatar | December 18, 1971 |
| Bahamas | July 10, 1973 |
| Guinea Bissau | September 24, 1973 |
| Grenada | February 7, 1974 |
| Mozambique | June 25, 1975 |
| Cape Verde | July 5, 1975 |
| Comoros | July 6, 1975 |
| São Tomé and Príncipe | July 12, 1975 |
| Papua New Guinea | September 16, 1975 |
| Angola | November 11, 1975 |
| Suriname | November 25, 1975 |
| Western Sahara | February 27, 1976 |
| Seychelles | June 29, 1976 |
| Djibouti | June 27, 1977 |
| Solomon Islands | July 7, 1978 |
| Tuvalu | October 1, 1978 |
| Dominica | November 3, 1978 |
| Saint Lucia | February 22, 1979 |
| Kiribati | July 12, 1979 |
| Saint Vincent & the Grenadines | October 27, 1979 |
| Belize | September 21, 1981 |
| Antigua & Barbuda | November 1, 1981 |
| Northern Cyprus | September 2, 1983 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | September 19, 1983 |
| Brunei | January 1, 1984 |
| Latvia | May 4, 1990 |
| Lithuania | March 11, 1990 |
| Namibia | March 21, 1990 |
| Slovenia | December 26 & June 25, 1990 |
| Georgia | April 9, 1991 |
| Estonia | August 20, 1991 |
| Ukraine | August 24, 1991 |
| Moldova | August 27, 1991 |
| Kyrgyzstan | August 31, 1991 |
| Uzbekistan | September 1, 1991 |
| Macedonia | September 8, 1991 |
| Tajikistan | September 9, 1991 |
| Armenia | September 21, 1991 |
| Croatia | October 8, 1991 |
| Azerbaijan | October 18, 1991 |
| Turkmenistan | October 27, 1991 |
| Kazakhstan | December 16, 1991 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | March 1, 1992 |
| Slovakia | July 17, 1992 |
| Czech Republic | January 1, 1993 |
| Eritrea | May 24, 1993 |
| East Timor | May 20, 2002 |
| Montenegro | May 21, 2006 |
| Kosovo | February 17, 2008 |
| South Sudan | July 9, 2011 |
Indian History Time Line
| Time | Events |
|---|---|
| 9000 BCE | Period of early Neolithic culture |
| 9000 BCE | Bhimbetka rock shelters (found in Madhya Pradesh region); also evidenced some of the Stone Age rock paintings |
| 7000 to 2500 BCE | Mehergarh Culture (Neolithic Age) |
| 3300 to 1700 BCE | Phase of Indus Valley Civilization |
| 1800 BCE | Indo-Aryan migration |
| 1500 to 1000 BCE | Early Vedic Period |
| 1300 BCE | End of Cemetery H culture |
| 1200 BCE | Rigveda Period |
| 1000 to 500 BCE | Late Vedic period |
| 1000 BCE | Iron Age of India |
| 877 BCE | Birth of Parsvanatha (23rd Jain Tirthankara) |
| 700 BCE | Age of Upanishads |
| 600 BCE | Period of Sixteen Maha Janapadas |
| 599 BCE | Birth of Mahavira (24th Tirthankar of Jainism) |
| 563 BCE | Birth of SiddhÄrtha Gautama (Buddha) |
| 558–491 BCE | Bimbisara (also known as Srenika) founded Haryanka dynasty |
| 527 BCE | Nirvana of Mahavira |
| 492–460 BCE | Period of Ajatshatru (son of Bimbisara) |
| 483 BCE | Mahaparinirvana of Gautama Buddha |
| 350 BCE | Panini (a resident of Gandhara) had written Ashtadhyayi (Sanskrit Grammar book) |
| 326 BCE | Battle of the Hydaspes River between Porus and Alexander |
| 321 BCE | Chandragupta Maurya established Mauryan Empire in Magadha |
| 305 BCE | Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus Nicator |
| 300 BCE | Chola dynasty (in south India) |
| 297–273 BCE | Period of Bindusara (son of Chandragupta Maurya) |
| 268–232 BCE | Period of the Great Ashoka (son of Bindusara) |
| 265 BCE | Kalinga War (between Ashoka and the kingdom of Kalinga) |
| 260 BCE | Ashoka inscribed the Edicts of Ashoka (written in Brahmi script) |
| 251 BCE | Mahinda (son of Ashoka) introduced Buddhism to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) |
| 250 BCE | The followers of Buddhists carved the first cave temples (namely Lomas Rishi) |
| 232 BCE | Ashoka died (Kunala, his son, succeeded) |
| 184 BCE | After the assassination of Brihadrata (by his general Pushyamitra shunga), Mauryan empire collapsed |
| 184 BCE | Establishement of the Shunga dynasty by Pushyamitra Shunga |
| 78 BCE | Beginning of Saka era |
| 57 BCE | Beginning of Vikram Era |
| Common Era (CE) | |
| 10 CE | The Indo-Parthian kingdom established |
| 240 CE | Sri-Gupta established the Gupta Empire in Magadha (and its capital was in Pataliputra) |
| 275 CE | Pallava dynasty established |
| 320 CE | Chandragupta I became the king of Gupta empire |
| 335 CE | Samudragupta became the king of Gupta empire |
| 380 CE | Chandragupta II (son of Samudragupta) became the Gupta Emperor |
| 405 CE | Fahien, the Chinese traveler came India |
| 450 CE | Huna invasions |
| 554 CE | After the death of skandagupta, Gupta empire collapsed |
| 606 CE | Harshavardhana became the kind |
| 629 CE | Chinese monk Huang Tsang (Xuanzang) came to India |
| 753 CE | After defeating Chalukyas of Badami, Danti Durga established Rashtrakuta Kingdom |
| 788 CE | Birth of Adi Shankaracharya |
| 1001 CE | Invasion of Mahmud Ghazni |
| 1025 CE | Last invasion of Mahmud Ghazni that lead to destruction of temple of Somnath |
| 1030 CE | Death of Mahmud of Ghazni |
| 1030 CE | Alberuni came India |
| 1191 CE | First battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III (Ghauri was defeated) |
| 1192 CE | Second battle of Tarain between Mohammed Ghori and Prithviraj III (Prithviraj was defeated) |
| 1154 CE | Battle of Chandawar fought between Ghauri and Jaichand of Kannauj (Ghauri defeated Jayachandra and killed) |
| 1192 CE | Qutb al-Din Aybak constructed the Qutub Minar in Delhi |
| 1206 CE | Qutb-ud-din Aibak established ‘Slave Dynasty’ (which later came to known as Delhi Sultanate) |
| 1210 CE | While playing polo, Qutb-ud-din Aibak died |
| 1221 CE | Invasion of Changez Khan (Mongol invasion) |
| 1240 CE | Razia Sultan was killed by Turkish nobles |
| 1336 CE | Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I founded the Vijayanagara Empire |
| 1398 CE | Timur’s invasion |
| 1483 CE | Babur born |
| 1498 CE | The first voyage of Vasco de Gama from Europe to India |
| 1526 CE | The first Battle of Panipat in which Mughal ruler Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi |
| 1530 CE | Babur died and his son Humayun became the emperor |
| 1539 CE | Battle of Chausa fought between Mughal emperor Humayun and Sher Shah Suri (Humayun defeated) |
| 1540 CE | Battle of Kannauj fought between Humayun and Sher Shah Suri and Humayun. Humayun lost the Mughal empire and hence escaped from India |
| 1545 CE | Sher Shah Suri died and his son Islam Shah Suri succeeded |
| 1554 CE | Islam Shah Suri died |
| 1555 CE | Humayun recuperated the throne of Delhi |
| 1556 CE | Humayun died and Akbar (his 12-year-old son) succeeded |
| 1556 CE | Second Battle of Panipat fought between Hemu and Akbar's forces (Hemu was defeated and killed) |
| 1576 CE | Battle of Haldighati fought between Rana Pratap and Akbar (Akbar defeated Rana Pratap) |
| 1600 CE | East India company is formed (in England) resultantly received exclusive trading rights with India |
| 1605 CE | Akbar died and his son Jahangir succeeded |
| 1628 CE | Jehangir died and his son Shah Jahan succeeded |
| 1627 CE | Birth of Chatrapati Shivaji |
| 1658 CE | Aurangzeb became the Mughal emperor |
| 1666 CE | Shah Jahan died |
| 1674 CE | Shivaji defeated Mughal emperor’s troops and established Maratha empire |
| 1680 CE | Death of Shivaji |
| 1707 CE | Death of Aurangzeb |
| 1739 CE | Invasion of Nadir Shah |
| 1756 CE | Black Hole of Calcutta incident |
| 1760 CE | Battle at Wandewash (British troops defeated French) |
| 1761 CE | Third Battle of Panipat fought between Maratha and Afghans (led by Ahmad Shah); Marathas were defeated |
| 1767 CE | First Anglo-Mysore War (Haidar Ali of Mysore defeated the combined armies of the East India Company) |
| 1772 CE | Birth of Ram Mohan Roy |
| 1773 CE | Warren Hastings appointed as first Governor-General of India |
| 1799 CE | Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (Tipu Sultan died in the war) |
| 1806 CE | Vellore Mutiny |
| 1814 | Raja Ram Mohan Roy established "Atmiya Sabha" |
| 1820 CE | Birth of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar |
| 1824 CE | Birth of Dayananda Saraswati |
| 1836 CE | Birth of Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa |
| 1853 CE | Started Postal Service in India |
| 1853 CE | First Rail run between Bombay and Thane |
| 1855 CE | Santhal rebellion |
| 1856 CE | Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act |
| 1856 CE | Birth of Bal Gangadhar Tilak |
| 1857 CE | Sepoy Mutiny |
| 1861 CE | Birth of Rabindranath Tagore |
| 1863 CE<
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